Rankus – Syrian beekeeper Ibrahim Damiriya (picture above) struggles to produce honey from his hives on parched land near the capital, Damascus, after years of conflict, economic problems and worsening climate change impacts.
Before 2011, Damiriya owned 110 hives in Rankus, a village near Damascus that was once filled with apple orchards.
But now a combination of fighting, severe drought and a grueling economic crisis have left him with a mere 40 hives in semi-arid lands, decimating his honey yield.
Damiriya can barely afford to tend to his hives, donated by the International Committee for the Red Cross (ICRC) to help Syrian beekeepers.
“If we keep suffering from climate change and rising prices, I might have to abandon my profession,” Damiriya said with a sigh.
Syria’s conflicts have caused an acute economic crisis, exacerbated by severe Western sanctions. Recent years have also battered Syria with heatwaves, low rainfall and more forest fires.
Extreme weather
Syria used to be home to 635,000 hives before the conflicts, but their numbers had dwindled to about 150,000 in 2016, said Iyad Daaboul, the Damascus-based president of the Arab Beekeepers Union.
Today, that number has risen back up to 400,000, he said. However, the hives yield only 1,500 tonnes of honey per year – half of the previous production.
Unusually cold springs and drought have had an adverse effect on the flowers that bees feed on.
“Extreme weather conditions have greatly affected bees, especially during spring — the most important time in their life cycle,” said Daaboul.
The number of beekeepers has nearly halved from 32,000 before 2011 to around 18,000 today, he said.
Another threat to the bees is the forest fires, which have become more common as temperatures rise.
Fires “have destroyed more than 1,000 hives on Syria’s coastal mountains and stripped bees of large foraging areas”, Daaboul said.
Unusually cold
Rising temperatures and desertification have taken a toll on Syria’s greenery, destroying many of the plants on whose flowers the bees feed and squeezing the once-thriving agriculture sector.
Damascus ICRC spokesperson Suhair Zakkout told AFP that “Syria’s agricultural production has fallen by approximately 50 percent over the last ten years” because of war and climate change.
Despite being one of the countries most badly affected by global warming, Syria has lacked the funds it needs to tackle environmental issues, Zakkout said.
Climate change has devastated farmer Ziad Rankusi’s apple orchards, which have also been greatly thinned by illegal logging as people struggle to keep warm during the winter amid recurrent fuel shortages.
Rankusi, who is in his 50s, used to tend more than 1,000 trees on his land, but just 400 survive, and they are drying out in the heat.
“For about five years, we have had unprecedented droughts and desertification, and this year the spring was unusually cold. The fruit perished,” said the farmer.
“When trees and flowers disappear, bees can no longer feed. They either migrate or die.”
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